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San Adrian (tunnel)
The San Adrian tunnel or Lizarrate〔 Luis Peña Basurto: ("Lizarrate," ) Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia.〕 represents the most outstanding milestone in the historic inland Basque route of the Way of St. James. It consists of a natural cave carved by water erosion in the rock (called ''Lizarrate'', arguably stemming from "leize arrate", 'the stone gate of the cave') with an opening on either side north and south; it also holds an hermitage inside. The tunnel provides a natural passage dividing the provinces of Gipuzkoa and Álava/Araba (the actual borderline locating at the ''Alto de la Horca'').
The Spanish-Basque linguistic boundary of the twentieth century was established in this area, the next village south, Zalduondo, having been predominantly Spanish speaking during that period. Nowadays many hikers cross the tunnel in order to gain access to the nearby peaks, forests and grazing fields, namely Aratz, Aizkorri and Urbia.
==Name==
As so many times in Basque place- and person-names, this name of worship (San Adrian) has gone through a mutation arguably brought about by scribes and people ignorant of Basque. The pass itself is attested as ''Leizarrate'' at the beginning of the 17th century,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Sierra y Túnel de San Adrián ) Site in Spanish〕 while nowadays this naming (in the modern form ''Lizarrate'') is usually limited to the rock in Spanish, with Basque still retaining the name ''Lizarrate'' also with its original meaning – i.e. to refer to the tunnel.〔 GipuzkoaKultura: (''Garai bateko Lizarrate'' ), video by the Culture and Basque Language Department of the Gipuzkoa Provincial Council, published in YouTube, 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2010-10-25. Length: 10' 50''. From 1' 03'' on, Alfredo Moraza (archaeologist of Aranzadi Zientzia Elkartea and head of the excavation works in San Adrian) speaks on the Basque name (favoring the usage of ''Lizarrate'' for the tunnel), and on the history of the site.〕〔 Pantxike Agirre: («Garai berria galtzada zaharrarentzat», ) ''Berria'', 2009-10-03. Retrieved 25 October 2010.〕〔 Irune Lasa: («Lizarrate, iraganerako bidea» ), , ''Berria'', 2009-06-23. Retrieved 25 October 2010.〕 Originally the hermitage may have been dedicated to the "Sancta Trinitate" or Holy Trinity. Yet the word, like many Romance and Latin words turns out messy to pronounce in Basque, and it underwent a reduction (along the phonetic rules exhaustively described by K. Mitxelena) that ultimately resulted in ''Sandrati'' or ''Sandratei'', as locals call it.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 History: San Adrian ) Site in Basque〕 Other phonetic outputs as attested in place-names around the area include ''Sandrati'', ''Santa Tria'' and variations, especially in the lands of Álava/Araba extending south of the mountain range that San Adrian provides the pass for: ''Santa Tria'' (village Audikana), ''San Tetria'' (village Contrasta 1556, leftover place-name of a former hermitage otherwise called in Romance ''San Adrian'').
Curiously enough, Saint Adrian does not hold a representative position among Basque religious icons, as opposed to the ubiquitous San Martin, San Miguel or San Juan/Donibane, but Saint Adrian was actually much revered in the ways of St James. To sum up, the name San Adrian results from a phonetic interpretation by Romance-speaking people of the Basque name for "Sancta Trinitate". In fact, the existing "San Adrian" place-names are not far from the San Adrian tunnel, where locals still gather in a celebration on the Trinity Day or following Sunday on a yearly basis.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 History: San Adrian ) Site in Basque〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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